The combination of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become a key technology in modern wireless communication systems due to its ability to improve data rate, coverage, and energy efficiency. Conventional modulation schemes such as QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM are widely used; however, they offer limited spectral efficiency, especially under the high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions commonly found in 5G networks. To overcome these limitations, this study investigates higher-order modulation schemes, including 256-QAM, 1024-QAM, and 4096-QAM. The performance of these schemes is evaluated using metrics such as Bit Error Rate (BER), throughput, and spectral efficiency through MATLAB-based simulations. The results show that higher-order modulation techniques significantly improve throughput and spectral efficiency at high SNR levels, making them suitable for high-data-rate 5G MIMO-OFDM systems. In contrast, lower-order modulation schemes like QPSK demonstrate better robustness in noisy environments, where reliability is more important than data rate. These findings indicate that different modulation schemes are suitable for different network conditions. Future work should focus on hybrid modulation strategies that adaptively combine low- and high-order schemes to achieve optimal performance across diverse 5G scenarios.
MIMO-OFDM, 5G, modulation schemes, QAM, spectral efficiency, Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
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